La venta de las papas Kawsay en los supermercados de Lima este año marcó un hito para una variedad relativamente nueva.
Kawsay, desarrollada por el Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), tiene el potencial de mejorar los ingresos y la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades con pocos recursos y ubicadas en tierras altas. Por lo tanto el CIP y sus socios están trabajando para que lo agricultores y los consumidores conozcan esta papa prometedora.
Lanzada oficialmente hace cinco años en el Perú, Kawsay es una variedad de alto rendimiento y gran resistencia al tizón tardío, o rancha, enfermedad que causó una hambruna devastadora en Irlanda en el siglo XIX. En la actualidad el tizón tardío es controlado por fungicidas, en los que los agricultores de papa gastan más de mil millones de dólares anuales alrededor del mundo.
Sin embargo, los agricultores de pequeña escala de los países en vías de desarrollo que no siempre pueden adquirir dichos agroquímicos continúan sufriendo los efectos de la enfermedad.
Por ello, los científicos del CIP han priorizado el desarrollo de variedades de papa resistentes al tizón tardío así como de herramientas que ayuden a los agricultores a manejar la enfermedad.
“Kawsay fue escogido de un grupo de papas resistentes al tizón tardío por los agricultores andinos y otros actores de la cadena de valor de la papa a través de un proceso de selección varietal participativa. Luego de la evaluación en sus estaciones experimentales en las principales regiones cultivadoras de papa del país, el Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) liberó la nueva variedad Kawsay–INIA 320 a fines del 2013”, reseñó Manuel Gastelo, mejorador de papa del CIP.
“Las papas Kawsay tienen buen sabor, están listas para cosecharse antes de otras variedades y contienen niveles más altos de hierro, zinc y antioxidantes que la mayoría de variedades comerciales.
Esto significa que Kawsay puede proporcionar alimento nutritivo y generar ingresos a las familias rurales”, añadió Gastelo.
El único inconveniente es que puede tomar años conseguir que un gran número de agricultores adopte una nueva variedad, ya que prefieren sembrar papas con mercados establecidos.
Sin embargo, sin tener un suministro significativo de papas, puede ser difícil introducir una nueva variedad en los mercados. El CIP y sus socios, por lo tanto, están promoviendo Kawsay entre agricultores y consumidores.
Convencer a los agricultores
El año pasado se distribuyeron semillas de Kawsay a 15 grupos de agricultores de los Andes peruanos en el marco de un proyecto de dos años del CIP apoyado por el Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola. Entre ellos se incluyó a una asociación de agricultores de Huarochirí —una comunidad ubicada en la sierra del departamento de Lima— cuyos miembros cultivaron Kawsay en una parcela demostrativa.
Joel Chumbimuni, presidente de la asociación, quedó impresionado. Kawsay no requirió los fungicidas que los agricultores suelen usar en sus variedades comerciales.
Además de ahorrarles dinero, se dio cuenta que Kawsay podía reducir el riesgo que tales agroquímicos conllevan para las personas y el medio ambiente.
“Queremos hacer las cosas de la manera más natural posible, producir nuestros cultivos en armonía con la naturaleza”, afirmó.
Los agricultores de Huarochirí recientemente sembraron en sus campos tubérculos semilla de Kawsay provenientes de la parcela demostrativa, y cosecharán sus primeros frutos en abril o mayo de 2019. Hermes Huaquisto, gerente de proyectos de la organización no gubernamental ADERS Peru, quien jugó un papel fundamental para que las papas Kawsay se vendieran en los supermercados Wong, explico que los gerentes aceptaron probar la nueva variedad en varias tiendas y estuvieron felices con los resultados.
“(Kawsay) ha tenido una buena aceptación entre los consumidores.
Tiene buen sabor y es versátil, rinde bien en sopas, puré o frita”, dijo Huaquisto.
Añadió que le gustaría que Kawsay ingrese a más supermercados Wong y ofrecerla a otras cadenas de supermercados. “Vamos a seguir promoviendo esta variedad”, señaló.
Aumentar la oferta
Otro promotor de Kawsay es Ronal Otiniano, coordinador de proyectos de la Asociación Patáz, que produce semilla de papa de Kawsay y de Poderosa, otra variedad comparable desarrollada por el CIP.
“Lo bueno de estas dos variedades es su gran resistencia al rancha, lo que redunda en mayores rendimientos y ahorros”, subrayó.
Otiniano explicó que los pequeños productores de la región peruana de La Libertad, donde trabaja la Asociación Patáz, usan fungicidas en sus campos de papa entre 12 y 18 veces por temporada, lo que significa una inversión promedio de US $300 a $400 por agricultor.
“Algunos grupos de agricultores con los que trabajamos aplicaron fungicidas a Kawsay y otros no, y cuando los agricultores que usaron fungicidas vieron las cosechas de aquellos que no los aplicaron se dieron cuenta de que lo habían hecho en vano”, relató.
La Asociación Patáz vende tubérculos semilla libres de enfermedades de las variedades Kawsay y Poderosa a las asociaciones de agricultores que los multiplican y venden semilla certificada a otros agricultores, organizaciones y gobiernos locales. Otiniano explicó que aproximadamente 800 agricultores de La Libertad sembraron ambas variedades en la temporada 2017-18 y guardaron gran parte de sus cosechas para venderlas como semilla o volverlas a sembrar. Indicó que los agricultores de la región recientemente están sembrando alrededor de 400 hectáreas de Kawsay y Poderosa este año, lo que debería producirles aproximadamente 10,000 toneladas del cultivo en 2019.
Otiniano anotó que Kawsay se está volviendo popular en la región de La Libertad y añadió que la Asociación Patáz ha promovido y vendido la variedad en los mercados de agricultores en la capital regional, Trujillo.
“Las amas de casa por lo general compran un kilo para probarla, y luego regresan al día siguiente a comprar entre cuatro a seis kilos”, dijo.
Cuando la cosecha 2019 de Kawsay llegue a los supermercados y mercados locales, más familias tendrán la oportunidad de probar esta papa deliciosa y versátil.
Fuente: cipotato.org
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